Infectious Diseases of Six Non-Domesticated NeoTropical Animals In Trinidad and Tobago

This review serves to shed light on some common infectious diseases: their names, prevalence, site of infection and diagnostic tools for identificationof six (6) neo-tropical animals that are found in Trinidad and Tobago with the potential for domestication. These are theagouti(Dasyprocta leporina/ D. agouti), lappe/paca (Cuniculus paca/ Agouti paca), capybara (Hydrochoerus hydrochaeris), manicou/opossum (Didelphis marsupialis insularis), collared peccary (Tayassu tajacu/ Peccari tajucu) and red brocket deer (Mazama americana).There is over Ninety (90) references were used, with the earliest being 1951 and the most recent being in 2017.Where literature was lacking, information from other species within the same genus was incorporated and identified clearly. It was interesting to note that the majority of animals, despite being infected with pathogenic organisms were clinically healthy. In animals that showed clinical signs of disease there was a large quantity of pathogens present. This manuscript sheds some light on the pathogens that may use these animals as natural reservoirs. This review paper also includes many of the earliest identification of these pathogens in Neo-tropical animals in specific geographic regions.


Background
Neo-tropical animals possess the potential for domestication.These animals can be used as Mini-livestock and serve as a protein source for rural communities (Harduin et al. 1997).These animals are adapted to our environment and can be fed local feed stuff which made the production system sustainable (Miller and Miller 1986).These animals may also harbour diseases which are zoonotic or pathogens which can have devastating impact on domestic livestock.These pathogens may be present in Neo-tropical animals causing subclinical disease and decrease the productive efficiency.Obtaining information on the potential pathogens Neo-tropical nondomestic animals can harbour becomes important when considering these animals for intensive production.
Neo-tropical animals make reference to animals which originated from the new world between the tropic of cancer and the tropics of Capricorn.Animals which have the potential for domestication and belong to this group are Dasyprocta leporina, Cuniculus paca, Hydrochoerus hydrochaeris, Didelphis marsupialis insularis, Tayassu tajacu, and Mazama Americana Dasyprocta leporina (Brown-Uddenberg et al. 2004).Little attention have been given to these animals but in recent times authors have done work of specific factors affects their production.In Trinidad recent work has been done on the male reproductive system (Mollineau et al. 2006) and female reproductive system in the agouti (Singh et al. 2014).Recent work on the parasitic organisms found in the Agouti (Jones and Garcia 2017;2018b).The digestive anatomy of the agouti (Garcia et al. 2000), digestive anatomy of the red brocket deer (Jones et al. 2018), the nutrition of specific neo-tropical animals (Lall et al. 2018) and reviews on the biology of the manicou (Tardieu et al. 2017).The purpose foundBabesia spp., Trypanosoma spp.and filarial worms in blood smears.Zimmerman et al. (2009) examined two imported wildcaught agoutis (from Guyana to the U.S.A.) and found that despite appearing to be clinically healthy, subcutaneous cysts were present.One agouti was underweight and two months later an exploratory laparotomy revealed cysts along the abdominal wall.Over the following months, more cysts developed and she started showing difficulty in breathing and was lethargic.Radiographs revealed calcified cysts throughout the entire body.The second agouti was in a better body condition with a couple cysts.A diagnosis of Echinococcusoligarthrus hydatid cyst disease was confirmed via histopathology (agoutis act as intermediate hosts).Sherlock (1996) suspected the presence of Leishmanial spp. in free-ranging D. aguti examined in Brazil, as leishmania amastigote structures were seen in the smears of liver and spleen, but he was unable to isolate and confirm it.In Brazil, Paçô, Campos and de Oliveira (1999) inoculated 5 captive agoutis (D. aguti) with Lagochilascaris minor infective eggs and upon necropsy found encysted L3 larva.Nodules were distributed throughout the body tissues, mainly subcutaneous, muscular and adipose.In the faeces egg shells were found.Clinical signs were observed in infected animals, including weight loss, raised hair, loss of appetite with CNS involvement manifesting as locomotor difficulties, loss of balance, mydriasis and head hanging.Gonçalves et al. (2006) captured and necropsied three free-ranging agoutis (2 D. fuliginosa and 1 D. leporina) in Brazil and found Trichuris gracilis in caecum, Helminthoxys urichi in the caecum, Physaloptera torresi in the stomach, Physocephalus mediospiralis in the stomach of and Raillietina trinitatae in the small intestine.Lainson et al. (2007) in Northern Brazil captured free-ranging agoutis from Marajó and Outeiro and examined their faeces.Eimeria aguti, Eimeria cotiae and Eimeria paraenis based on the morphology of the oocysts was found, with the intestine being the development site.The agoutis that had recovered were fed oocysts and subsequently wasshown to be re-infected 8 days later as all three types of oocysts were found in the faeces.Aogutis infected with E. aguti, E. cotiae and E. paraenis oocystsappeared clinically normal.da Silva et al. (2008) examinedfaecal samples from D. leporina in Brazil and found a high prevalence of nematodes (Strongylida and Rhabditida), with Enoplida eggs, Eimeria spp.oocysts and Giardia spp.Despite these findings, the animals appeared to be clinically healthy.Voltarelli et al. (2009) evaluated the serum of free-ranging D. azarae in Brazil using the direct agglutination test (DAT) to test Leishmania antibody titres and found that 75% of samples were positive.Minervino et al. (2010) tested the sera of captive agoutis (D. aguti) from Brazil for T. gondii antibodies using the modified agglutination test (MAT) and found that 18% were positive.Tenório et al. (2014) testedfree-ranging agoutis (D. aguti) in Brazil using blood cultures and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and found that 6.25% was positive for Trypanosoma cruzi (Table 1).

Bacterial pathogens in the Agouti
Adesiyun et al. (1998) evaluated free-ranging D. leporina in Trinidad and found that 0.43% was positive for Salmonella spp., whereas in farmed agoutis, 2% were positive for Salmonella spp.and 9% were positive for Campylobacter jejuni.Dollinger et al. (1999)

Viral Pathogens in the Agouti
In Trinidad a study done by Thompson et al. (2012) found that a juvenile D. leporina in Trinidad was positive for antibodies to the St. Louis encephalitis virus (SLEV) TBH-28 antigen via epitope-blocking enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA), as well as using the hemagglutination inhibition assay (HIA).Brown-Uddenberg et al ( 2004) stated that they are susceptible to Foot and Mouth disease (FMD) (Table 2).Thompson et al (2012) Lappe/Paca (Cuniculus paca/ Agouti paca) Parasitic pathogens in the Lappe Morales et al. (1979) evaluated freeranging pacas in Colombia and based on gross and histological examination was able to identify polycystic hydatid cysts (Echinococcus spp.).Lesions were found in the liver parenchyma, except in one paca, which had a cyst in the peritoneum caudal to the right kidney.Gardner et al. (1988) reported the first record of the cestode, Echinococcus vogeli in Bolivia.Free-ranging pacashad the larval stage of Echinococcus spp. in their livers.The cysts in the liver, which when cut, stained and examined, had the larval stage of E. vogeli (identified based on morphology, proportions and dimensions of the rostellar hooks).Tantaleán et al. (2012) made the first discovery of Echinococcus vogeli hydatid in Iquitos, Peru.The livers of pacas, bought from a market, were evaluated and had cystic structure, which when examined; a diagnosis of E. vogeli was made based on the morphology and dimensions of the rostellar hooks.Mayor et al. (2015) examined the viscera samples of freeranging pacas from two regions in Peru, Nueva Esperanza and Diamante.Cysts were found in the liverand lung.Protoscolices from these cysts were examined and based on morphology, shape and size of the rostellar hooks, E. vogeli was identified Matamoro et al. (1991) evaluated faecal samples from captive pacas in breeding cages in Costa Rica, which were never treated with anthelmintic.They found Strongyloidesspp., Strongyloidea, Eimeria aguti, Balantidium coli, Capillaria spp., Ascaroidea, Taenia spp.and Trichuris spp.Gonçalves et al. (2006) captured and necropsied free-ranging pacas in Brazil and found Physaloptera torresi and Physocephalus mediospiralis in the stomach of pacas as well as Raillietina trinitataein the small intestine.Almeida et al. (2013) examined the livers of free-ranging pacas from Brazil and found multiple spherical and sub-spherical lesions.Histopathology of the affected livers determined the presence of Echinococcus vogeli based on morphology, appearance and measurements.Calodium hepaticum eggs were also identifiedin pacas based on morphology and measurements.This was the first time C. hepaticum was found in that area and it was also the first case of a mixed infection with these two helminths.Carme et al. (2002) tested the sera of free-ranging pacas, in French Guiana, using the DAT and found some animals positive for Toxoplasma gondii.de Thoisy et al. (2000) evaluated the blood smears of freeranging pacas in French Guiana for haemoparasites and found Babesia spp., and Trypanosomatidae.D' Alessandro et al. (1984) examined free-ranging pacas in Colombia and found Trypanosoma cruzi.Lopes et al. (2016) examined the ticks from free-ranging pacas in Belizeand found that Amblyomma pacae was present, with Rickettsia amblyommii found in a tick.This was the first documented case of R. amblyommii in A. paca (Table 3).Wells et al. (1981) sampled freeranging mammals in Carimagua, Colombia and found the hard tick, Amblyomma pacae; the haemoparasite, Trypanosoma cruzi; the fleas, Rhopalopsyllus lugubris lugubris, R. australis tupinus and R. cacicus saevus present on or in pacas.Echinococcus spp.cysts were also found liver of pacas.

Bacterial pathogen found in the Lappe
Adesiyun et al. (1998) evaluated free-ranging and captive wildlife in Trinidad and found that in captive pacas some were positive for Salmonella spp., while none were positve in the free-ranging ones (Table 3).
Finally, Hippocrepis hippocrepiswas found in the large intestine.This represented the first report of M. macrobursatum in Venezuela.Corriale et al. (2011) Santarém et al. (2006) presented a case report of a dead adult female capybara that was necropsied.The faecal egg count of eggs resembling trichostrongylidae was 500.Eimeria oocysts and Strongloides spp.Liver flukes were examined and based on morphology and size, was determined to be Fasciola hepatica.Faecal samples from free-ranging capybaras in Brazil and found Fasciola hepatica eggs present (Bellato et al. 2009;Dracz et al. 2016).Urban areas in Brazil were studied and Amblyomma cajennennse and A. dubitatumticks were collected.PCR determined that some adult A. dubitatum were positive for R. bellii (Pacheco et al. 2007;Queirogas et al. 2012;Brites-Neto et al. 2015).Wells et al. (1981) sampled freeranging mammals in Carimagua, Colombia and found the hard ticks; Amblyomma cajennense, A. rotundatum, A. maculatum and Boophilus microplus; the haemoparasite, T. evansi; and an unidentified helminth found commonly in the kidneys.Muñoz and Chávez (2001) examined clinically healthy captive capybaras in Peru, for Trypanosoma spp.Analysis of blood samples was done using the microhaematocrit, wide drop and Giema-stain methods and based on morphology and T. evansi was identified.Morales et al. (1976) discovered Trypanosoma evansi in free-ranging capybaras in Colombia via blood smears.However, they seemed to all be clinically normal and in good body condition.In Colombia, Morales et al. (1978) found that Cruorifilariatuberocauda damaged tissue in the kidney, lungs and myocardium (Table 4).Arias et al. (1997) 2014) evaluated wild animals in Brazil for antibodies to T. gondii and found that one capybara had antibodies to T. gondii using the modified agglutination test (MAT) (Table 4).2012) isolated and identified Leptospira interrogans serovar Icterohaemorrhagiae from a juvenile free-ranging capybara in Brazil, using molecular techniques.In Brazil, Marvulo et al. (2009) experimentally infected sevencaptive young capybaras with Leptospira interrogans serovarpomona and found, using the microagglutination test (MAT), that it persisted for eighty three days and was confirmed in five animals.Shedding of L. interrogans serovar pomonain the urine occurred between days nine and days fourty three, however no lesions (gross or histological) were indicative of leptospirosis (Table 5).Mol et al. (2016)

Viral pathogen in the Capybara
Roeder ( 2009) stated that capybaras are susceptible to foot-and-mouth disease.Likewise, Anderson (2017) stated that capybaras, despite not showing clinical signs, harbour the foot-and-mouth virus.Delpietro et al. (2009) observed for sylvatic rabies in free-ranging capybaras in Northern Argentina.One capybara was seen with neurological problems and was subsequently found dead a couple days later.Bites from the Vampire Bats (Desmodus rotundus) and isolation of rabies from the brain confirmed rabies in this capybara.The presence of V. hamata, V. viannaia and G. marsupialis represented the first records for Peru, while all parasites in the study were recorded for the first time in the San Martín region.Jiménez et al. (2011) examined free-ranging opossums in French Guinana for parasites and found cestodes; Mathevotaenia bivittata; Nematoda: Aspidodera raillieti, Capillaria eberthi, Cruzia tentaculate, Spirura guianensis, Travassostrongylus paraquintus, Trichuris reesali and Viannaia viannai.Acanthocephala: Oncicola campanulata was also seen.Deane et al. (1984) found numerous Trypanosoma cruzi epimastigotes and trypomastigotes, of the metacyclic type, in sections and lumen of the anal glands in 75% of experimentally infected D. marsupialis in Brazil.Morphological diagnosis of T. cruzi flagellates were made using fresh and Giemsa stained films and it showed the stages, previously mentioned, which typically is found in the invertebrate host, thus T. cruzi was shown to perform the vertebrate and invertebrate cycles in the opossums.In Brazil, Carreira et al. (1996) found T. cruzi and T. (Megatrypanum) freitasi in the bladder, ureter, heart, stomach and oesophagus.Experimentally inoculated opossums (with T. cruzi) showed amastigote nests from ten days to two months postinoculation in striated muscles and the central nervous system.Parasites were found in the abdominal wall, tongue, heart and cranial muscle five months postinoculation and in the scent glands, seven to twelve months post-inoculation.D'Alessandro et al.
(1984) performed epidemiological studies in Colombia, which included the evaluation of free-ranging D. marsupialis as a reservoir host of trypanosomiasis.A total of 43% were positive for Trypanosoma spp.(T.cruzi, T. rangeli).Travi et al. (1994) examined the function of D. marsupialis as a reservoir host of zoonotic hemoflagellates in a tropical rainforest and a tropical dry forest in Colombia.Free-ranging opossums were evaluated and it was found that they were infected with T. cruzi, T. (Herpetosoma) rangeli and T. (H.) leeuwenhoeki.No trypanosomes were found in the anal gland contents of opossums.In the tropical dry forest, T. cruzi and Leishmania chagasi was found, with none showing clinical signs.Cantillo- Barraza et al. (2015) performed an eco-epidemiological study in Colombia and found that 61.5% free-ranging D. marsupialis were positive for T. cruzi (xenodiagnoses and haemocultures).Morales and Nironi (1996) captured free-ranging D. marsupialis in Venezuela.Based on morphology of the flagellates T. (Schizotrypanum) cruzi was confirmed, with two showing trypanosomes in samples of fresh blood and epimastigotes in anal glands.Experimentally infected opossums showed amastigote nests in cardiac and skeletal tissues.Schallig et al. (2007) investigated the potential of the D. marsupialis as a reservoir host for zoonotic leishmaniasis in Brazil.All free-ranging animals appeared clinically healthy.Analysis using IFAT and DAT identified several sero-positive animals (Table 5).Everard (1975) found Hamanniellamicrocephala in opossums in Trinidad. Wells et al. (1981) examined freeranging D. marsupialis in Colombia and found the presence of the following ectoparasites; hard ticks -Amblyomma cajennense and Ixodes luciae; and fleas -Rhopalopsyllus lugubris lugubris and R. australis tupinus.They also found low titres of Leptospira sejroe and L. tarassovi.Haemoparasite infections found were T. cruzi, T. rangeli, Trypanosoma spp.and a piroplasm.In the livers of opossums, a parasite and lesions resembling Capillaria hepatica was noted.Murgas et al. (2013) evaluated the presence of Amblyomma ovale in Panama and found that out of the D. marsupialis examined had the larval and nymphal forms of A. ovale.Durden and Richardson (2013)

Bacterial pathogens present in the Manicou
In Iowa, Diesch et al. (1970) observed leptospires in kidney suspensions in opossums using darkfield microscopy examination.Positive Leptospira samples were also found using macroscopic slide agglutination, isolation, macroscopic pathologic lesion, microscopic pathologic lesion and Warthin-Starry stain.The species found upon isolation was Leptospira ballum.Cordeiro et al. (1981) captured free-ranging D. albiventris in Brazil and found that they were infected with the serovars Mangus and Pomona.Jorge et al. (2012) captured freeranging D. albiventris in Brazil and evaluated urine and blood samples.Leptospira borgpetersenii was isolated from urine samples and was identified using rpoB gene sequencing and was found to belong to the serovar Castellonis, using Multilocus Variable-Number Tandem-Repeat Analysis.Upon the microscopic agglutination test (MAT), 36.4% had antibody titres against the Leptospira isolate.This paper represents the first report of Leptospira spp. in D. albiventris in Brazil.de Hidalgo and Sulzer (1984) discovered three new serovars of Leptospira interrogens in free-ranging D. marsupialis in Peru, which were isolated from the kidneys.The suggested names, strains and serogroups of these new serovars were huallaga M-7 Diasiman, rupa rupa M-3 Sejroe and tingomaria M-13 Cynopteri.Adesiyun et al. (1998) evaluated seventeen free-ranging D. marsupialis insularis in Trinidad and found that 29% were positive for Salmonella spp.and 6% was positive for Campylobacter jejuni (Table 6).(Fowler 1996).Balantidium spp., Dirofilaria acutiuscula, Gongylonema baylisi, Parabronema pecariae, Parostertagia heterospiculum, Physocephalus spp.and Texicospirura turki, Moniezia benedeni and Fascioloides magna.This study reported D. acutiuscula, G. baylisi and F. magna for the first time in North American peccaries (Samuel and Low (1970).Corn et al. (1985) Herrera et al. (2008) examined eight clinically healthy free-ranging collared peccaries for Trypanosoma evansi and T. cruzi and found that one was positive for T. evansi using polymerase chain reaction (PCR), while using the immunofluorescence antibody test (IFAT) three were positive T. evansiand two were positive for T. cruzi using IFAT.In Brazil, Ullmann et al. (2017) surveyed twenty-two captive collared peccaries in Brazil for antibodies to Leptospira spp.and Toxoplasmagondii.The microscopic agglutination test (MAT) revealed 31.8% to be seropositive for T. gondii.Gruver and Guthrle (1996) examined fifty-five free-ranging collared peccaries in Texas and found that sera from 2% had antibodies against Borellia bugdorferi, while sera from 5% had antibodies to Yersinia pestis.Of the fifty-five peccaries, fortyseven were examined for ectoparasites and it was found that 2% had the cat flea, 25% had the javelina flea, 40% had sucking louse (Linognathida spp.) and 2% had the blacklegged tick.This was the first record for Borellia spp.and Yersinia spp. in collared peccaries in the Trans-Pecos region of Texas.Samuel and Low (1970) surveyed parasites of free-ranging collared peccaries in south and west Texas.The species and prevalence of parasites in south Texas were; Acarina: Amblyommacajennense (98%), Amblyomnma inornatum (5%), Dermace-ntor variabilis (78%) and Haemaphysalis leporis palustris (7%); Siphonaptera: Pulex porcinus (100%).The species and prevalence of parasites in west Texas were;Anoplura: Pecaroecus javalii (88%); and Siphonaptera: Pulex porcinus (77%).Romero-Castaňón et al. (2008) found ectoparasites, Arthropoda: Amblyomma cajennense (20%), A. inornatum (60%) and A. pecarium (40%) (Table 7).Viral and Bacterial pathogens in the Collared peccary Fowler (1996) stated that they were susceptible to; Viral diseases: Foot-andmouth disease, vesicular stomatitis, vesicular exanthema (clinical disease), rinderpest (clinical disease), rabies (clinical disease), pseudorabies (serological response) and classical swine fever (clinical disease and serological response); Fungal and bacterial diseases: Ringworm (clinical disease), coccidioidomycosis, cryptococcosis (clinical disease), salmonellosis (clinical disease) and colibacillosis (clinical disease).Similarly, Roeder (2009) stated that they were susceptible to foot-and-mouth disease infection.Corn et al. (1987) tested two hundred and eighteen sera samples from free-ranging collared peccaries in Arizona and found that 8% had antibodies against vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) New Jersey (NJ) type, less than 1% had antibodies against pseudorabies virus and 23% had antibodies against a number of different Leptospirainterrogans serovars.Noon et al. (2003) conducted a serological survey for canine distemper virus (CDV) antibodies in three hundred and sixty-four free-ranging collared peccaries in Arizona.Serum neutralization (SN) revealed that 58% samples had neutralizing antibodies to CDV.Shender et al. (2009) necropsied thirty-four dead free-ranging collared peccaries that were clinically ill in Arizona.Clinical signs exhibited, before death, included emaciation, dehydration, lethargy, hindlimb weakness, laboured breathing and diarrhoea.In 47% of necropsied animals, Salmonella spp. was isolated from the small intestines, large intestines, liver, lung, spleen and stomach.With Anatum, Muenchen, Panama, Montevideo, Typhimurium and Oranienburg serotypes being identified in 67% of the isolates.

Red brocket deer (Mazama americana)
Parasitic pathogen in the Red brocket deer Cysts were found in 47% of the deer, in lung, liver, omentum and mesentery and based on the gross findings, the most likely cause was Taenia hydatigena.Faecal examination was conducted to investigate endoparasites and 64% deer were positive, with four having Moniezia spp., one having Eimeria spp., one having Eimeria spp.and strongyles and one having Moniezia spp., strongyles, and Trichurisovis (Deem et al 2004).Romero-Castaňón et al. (2008) examined four free-ranging deer for endoparasites and ectoparasites in Mexico.The only endoparasite, including site of infection and prevalence found was; Trematoda: Paramphistomum cervi (rumen and abomasum;100%).Reginatto et al. (2010) reported the first case of cryptosporidiosis in M. gouazoubira.Analysis of the faeces from a male and female deer, in Brazil, via the centrifugal floatation method yielded a high infection by Cryptosporidium parvum (more than three hundred oocysts/slide), which was associated with diarrhoea in both deer.It was shown to be self-limiting however, as after ten days, without treatment, the faeces returned to normal and there were less than ten oocysts per slide.Lux Hoppe et al. (2010) 8).
Fifty percent (50%) of the deer sampled had ectoparasites; Amblyomma spp.ticks were found on 41% deer (Amblyomma parvum and A. pseudoconcolor adults and Amblyomma spp.nymphs and larvae), Lipoptenamazamae flies 35% and unidentified lice on 35% (Roeder 2009).Tiemann et al. (2005) evaluated the sera of one hundred and fifty captive Mazama spp. in Brazil for Neospora caninum antibodies, using IFAT and found that 44% from the captive herd and 39% from the zoohad antibodies.Gomez-Puerta and Mayor (2017) examined thirty-seven apparently healthy foetuses and found Setaria bidentate (nematoda) in 32%.Each fetus had one to seven filaria and the majority was found in the peritoneal cavity and one was found in the thoracic cavity.This finding represented the first study to show S. bidentate in cervid foetuses and it was also the first finding in Peru (Table 8) Bacterial and Viral pathogens of the Red brocket deer Delpietro et al. (2009) observed three ill deer in Argentina displaying clinical signs.One deer was excessively salivating while being recumbent and the other had difficulty walking and keeping balance, however samples could not have been taken from them for diagnostic testing.The third deer was recumbent with paralytic signs, excess salivation, opisthotonous, slow micturition and pedalling of the hindlimbs.Vampire bat (Desmodusrotundus) bite marks around the ears were observed upon euthanasia of this deer and rabies virus was detected in the brain.45% of deer had antibodies to four serovars of Leptospira interrogans: Autumnalis, Ballum, Icterohaemorrhagiae, and Sejroe (Deem et al 2004).Roeder (2009) stated that the Mazama spp. was susceptible to foot-andmouth disease infection.Deem et al. (2004) conducted a survey of seventeen clinically healthy free-ranging Grey Brocket Deer (Mazama gouazoubira) in Bolivia.Bovine respiratory syncytial virus (13%), Epizootic hemorrhagic disease virus serotypes 1 and 2 (7%) and Leptospirainterrogans, eighteen serovars (45%), were found using serum neutralization (SN), agar gel immunodiffusion (AGID) and microagglutination respectively (Table 9).

Discussion
This literature review showed that it was possible for most of these neo-tropical animals to be infected by pathogens yet appear clinically healthy.Infectious diseases are disorders caused by pathogenic organisms and could be directly or indirectly transmitted, versus other types of diseases, such as nutritional diseases.A parasitic relationship occurs when one organism, the parasite, gains from the relationship, usually at the expense of the other, the host (Jones and Garcia 2018a).An endoparasite is one that lives within the host's body, while an ectoparasite is one that lives on the surface of the host.The finding of this review shows that most of the pathogenic organism found in Neo-tropical animals was similar at different geographical locations.This will suggest that these organisms were present in the environement at various geographical locations.
These findings are of major importance as these animals could act as reservoirs and spread zoonotic diseases without us knowing as they appear clinically healthy.The effects of these organisms on the six neo-tropical aniamls listed should be further investigated.It is clear that there is a lot of information lacking in this subject area of infectious diseases in these neotropical animals that were reviewed and more research is needed to understand exactly how they could harbour parasitic, bacterial and viral organisms yet appear clinically healthy, which in other domesticated animals may debilitate or even cause death of those animals.Thus animals will not show overt clinical signs and economic losses attained may be subclinical.However these Neo-tropical animals can serve as reservoirs for diseases which are pathogenic to domesticated animals.At present further work must be done to investigate the economic effect these pathogens have on Neo-tropical nondomesticated animals

Conclusion
Neo-tropical non domesticated animals have the ability to harbour various amount of pathogens.However, these pathogens don't seem to have harmful effects on the animals but can spread diseases to domesticated animals.

Table 3 Parasites and Bacteria present at different prediction sites in the Lappe housed in different geographical locations.
Huevo ascarideo, Eimeria spp., Blastocystis spp.and Balantidium coli.This represented the first report of Ascaridea eggs in capybaras and the first report for Balantidium coli and Blastocystis spp. in Esteros del Iberá, Argentina.
Truppel et al. (2010)ettsial infection and found that they were positive to at least one Rickettsia species.The capybara sera reacted to R. rickettsii, R. parkeriand R. bellii.Truppel et al. (2010)evaluated free-ranging young and adult capybaras in Brazil for T. gondii.Serawas used for the indirect fluorescent antibody test (IFAT) and positive antibodies against T. gondiiwas found.Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) evaluated blood, liver, heart, lymph nodes, and spleen tissues and confirmed capybaras were seropositive to T. gondii.Free-ranging and captive capybara was identified in Brazil to have T. gondii antibodies(Ullman et al. 2017) neurona and N. caninum.da.Silva et al.  (

Table 6 Bacterial organism at different predilection sites in the Manicou reared at different geographical locations
Paraostertagia spp.eggsTexicospirura turki (stomach), Paramphistomum spp.(stomach, large intestine) and Moniezia benedeni (small intestine).G. urosubulatus and Paramphistomum spp.were found for the first time in collared peccaries, while P. pecariae, T. turki, M. benedeni, A. cajennense and A. inornatum represent the first records in Mexico.

Table 8 Bacterial and Viral organisms at different predilection sites in the Collared peccary reared at different geographical locations
Theileria and Babesia and found that 18% were positive for Theileria spp., 53% were positive for T. cervi, 6% was positive for B. bigemina, 33% were positive for Rhipicephalus microplus, 33% was positive for Dermacentor nitans and 27% were positive for Amblyomma cajennense.This represented the first report of Theileria spp.