Speech Acts and Language Styles of Biden’s Victory Speech for Promoting Peace Values

The importance of language in expressing ideas and ideologies has always been a focus of public debate in politics. The persons in charge of the reins of power become a source of concern, as well as the language they use. As a result, this research looks into the speech acts, language styles, and how they express peace values from Biden’s victory speech. A qualitative research design was used. Biden’s pragma stylistics and peace values were extracted from his victory speech in Wilmington, Delaware on November 7, 2020. This study focused on three aspects, namely: categories of illocutionary acts, language style based on sentence structure, and peace values. The data were analyzed following these stages: data condensation, data display, and drawing/verifying conclusions. The results showed that the most common illocutionary type employed in diverse language styles in Biden’s victory speech was commissive. Presumably, politicians have become accustomed to making promises or making commitments in order to entice citizens to vote for them. In addition, two types of peace values (inner peace and social peace) were discovered along with three types of language styles: parallelism, antithesis, and repetition (epizeuxis, anaphora, and anadiplosis), with more than half of the data employing parallelism as the language style. The majority of Biden’s speech focused on social peace to keep social life free of internal strife.


INTRODUCTION
Language is the main form of communication used to convey written or spoken messages (Ondondo, 2015). Basically, language is not only used in formal circumstances but also informal circumstances. Language in formal circumstances is identical to language in the workplace and state (political affairs), while informal circumstances are commonly referred to as everyday life. In political affairs, the role of language in conveying ideas and ideologies has always been the center of public attention. Through political language, people can grasp how language is utilized by those who want to maintain power, those who want to run the power, and those who want to obtain power (Beard, 2001). Thus, the people who hold the reins of power become the subject of concern, and they are as notable as the language they express.
Joe Biden, a prominent figure in the United States, became the center of attention when delivering his victory speech over Donald Trump. In Wilmington, Delaware, he deployed the euphoria in front of American citizens by conveying his thoughts through a victory speech. In such a case, thoughts and expressions are part of the language (Ghani & Hussain, 2021). According to Taiwo (2008), several frameworks can be utilized in examining political languages, such as pragmatics, linguistic stylistics, discourse analysis, political rhetoric, and critical discourse analysis. Other than linguistic stylistics, another branch of stylistics is called pragma-stylistics (Waheeb, 2017). It is derived from a combination of two approaches, namely pragmatics and stylistics. In this case, pragma-stylistics can be used to examine how pragmatic sources such as speech acts can be applied to attain stylistic effects.
According to Searle (1969), speech acts are carried out through a language. As a means of communication, one of the functions of language is to express ideas such as beliefs, attitudes, and values (Jones, 2016). Similarly, there are certain moral or ethical values that the speaker intends to transmit through language in a political speech (Kulo, 2009). Values can be found not only in political speeches but also in educational settings, such as in the EFL classroom. In this situation, the term 'peace education' is used to describe the process of educating learners to become good human beings. In Indonesia, peace education is now included in the 2013 Curriculum as part of character education (Susilawati et al., 2019). Teachers are to impart peace values to learners during the teaching and learning process so that they have a strong understanding of the role of peace values. This value must be taught since Indonesia, as a multicultural society, is prone to intertribal disputes which lead to a loss of unity. Inner peace, social peace, and peace with nature are three fundamental sources, according to Balasooriya (2001).
Several researchers have explored the studies on Biden's victory speech from various frameworks such as pragmatics-deixis (Ricca & Johan, 2021), critical discourse analysis-Fairclough's 3D model (Ghani & Hussain, 2021), linguisticssystemic functional linguistics (Darong, 2021), and pragmatics-speech acts (Baby et al., 2020). Seen from several previous studies, it is revealed that there has been no research on the pragma-stylistics of Biden's victory speech. Besides, those previous studies have only concentrated on one approach without relating the results to another approach. In contrast to several previous studies, this current study examines the pragma stylistics used by Biden in his victory speech on peace values. Therefore, this study attempts to reveal: (1) What are Biden's illocutionary acts that can be used to promote peace values?
(2) What are Biden's language styles (based on sentence structure) that can be used to promote peace values? (3) How does Biden's pragma stylistics reflect the peace values? Austin (1962) proposed three types of speech acts: locutionary act, illocutionary act, and perlocutionary act. A locutionary act denotes an action that is used to give information by stating the utterances. In contrast, the illocutionary act refers to the acts that denote the speaker's primary purpose in doing the speech act. As stated by Austin (1962), the illocutionary act is an act that demands the interlocutor to do something in the situation of pragmatics. This form of act denotes the speaker's intended meaning. For perlocutionary act, it indicates the results or effects of stating something. In this case, Searle (2002) classified the illocutionary act into five categories: assertive, directive, commissive, expressive, and declaration. 1. Assertive denotes what the speaker believes in a situation. This type can be seen in the words 'state', 'guess', 'suggest', 'assert', and 'conclude'. 2. Directive refers to what the speaker wants in a situation. It can be represented through the words 'invite ', 'beg', 'order', 'permit', 'command', 'pray', 'ask', and 'request'. 3. Commissive indicates what the speaker intends or commits for future action. This category can be reflected in the words 'guarantee ', 'promise', 'vow', 'swear', and 'pledge'. 4. Expressive means what the speaker feels in a situation. It can be pointed from the words 'congratulate', 'deplore ', 'apologize', 'condole', 'welcome', and 'thank'. 5. Declaration denotes what the speaker causes in a situation, for instance, 'I resign', 'I bet', and 'I declare'. By applying illocutionary acts in discourses, the interlocutor is assisted in capturing the speaker's intentions properly.

Keraf's Language Style
The characteristics of the speaker's language can be easily revealed using the theory of language style based on sentence structure. Both Searle's (2002) illocutionary acts and Keraf's (2006) language style (based on sentence structure) can be combined and applied to Biden's victory speech. Biden's illocutionary acts were initially categorized using Searle's (2002) theory, and then his linguistic style was examined using Keraf's (2006) theory. In that way, Biden's thoughts and feelings are clearly expressed. Keraf (2006) proposed four categories of language style, namely language style based on diction (which word is the most appropriate?), language style based on tone (which suggestion is expressed?), language style based on sentence structure (how to put the main point in a sentence?), and language style based on either direct or indirect meaning (whether the reference still retains its denotative meaning or has been deviated). In language style based on sentence structure, there are five main categories: climax, anticlimax, parallelism, antithesis, and repetition (epizeuxis, tautologies, anaphora, epistrophe, symploche, mesodiplosis, epanalepsis, and anadiplosis). 1. Climax denotes a language style with a progressively expanding idea of the mind (Keraf, 2006), for example, 'let a woman recognize her obligations to herself, her family, her country, and her God'. Here, there is a developing idea from the word 'herself' to 'her God'. 2. Anticlimax refers to a language style with a decreasingly expanding idea of the mind (Keraf, 2006), for instance, 'she lost her family, her job, and her house plants'. In this case, a decreasing idea can be seen from the critical level ('family') to the unimportant level ('house plants'). 3. Parallelism indicates balancing two or more ideas with a similar or the same grammatical structure (Young, 2009), for example, 'where there is smoke, there is fire'. In this example, a similar grammatical structure can be seen in the two clauses: 'there is smoke', and 'there is fire'. 4. The term 'antithesis' refers to a language style that uses opposing terms to create a contrast (Belle, 2009), for instance, 'patience is bitter, but it has a sweet fruit'. The words 'bitter' and 'sweet' have a contrasting effect in this speech. According to Online Cambridge Dictionary (2020), bitterly describes a circumstance that produces severe agony, whereas sweet describes a pleasant and satisfying state. As a result, the meanings of both words are opposed. 5. Repetition is a sound repetition of the significant sentences, phrases, words, and syllables to put pressure on a discourse (Keraf, 2006). According to Keraf (2006), there are eight categories of repetition. a) Epizeuxis emphasizes the value of a word by repeating it numerous times in a line, for example, 'it's a rainbow! it's a rainbow!'. The example clearly demonstrates that the same utterance is repeated twice without any additions or deletions. Thus, this repetition emphasizes the word's significance. b) Tautotoes refers to word repetition in construction, for instance, 'you accuse me, I accuse you, you and I become enemies'. By repeating the words 'you', 'I', and 'accuse', this example demonstrates the process of developing a good understanding of the utterance's meaning. c) Anaphora refers to the repeating of the first word in each line or sentence that follows, for example, 'we came, we saw, we conquered'. The subject we (the first word) is repeated three times in this example to apply pressure. d) Epistrophe refers to the recurrence of a word at the end of a line or sentence in a sequence, for instance, 'face the dawn, fear the dawn, own the dawn'. The word 'dawn' is repeated three times at the end of a sentence to emphasize it. e) Symploche refers to the repeating of a word or phrase at the beginning and end of a line or sentence in a row, for example, 'for want of a nail the shoe was lost; for want of a shoe the horse was lost'. The repetition of the above instance occurs both at the beginning of a sentence ('for want of a …') and at the end of the sentence ('was lost').
f) Mesodiplosis refers to word repetition in the middle of successive lines or phrases, for instance, 'one, but not two; three, but not four; five, but not six'. Another technique to put pressure is by repeating the phrase 'but not' three times in the middle of consecutive sentences. g) Epanalepsis is word repetition at the end of a clause or sentence from the word or phrase that starts it, for example, 'the king is dead, long live the king!' This example denotes that the phrase the king at the end is repeated from the phrase 'the king' at the beginning of the sentence. h) Anadiplosis refers to the repetition of the last word or phrase of the previous clause. For instance, 'he opened a café, a café that ruined his financially'. In this example, the phrase 'a café' in the second clause gets a repetition of the phrase 'a café' in the first clause.

Peace Values
Literally, the word 'peace' originated from the Latin 'pax', which points to the absence of war (Farneubun, 2013). In such a case, peace is interpreted narrowly since it is more than that. Not only does it mean the war absence, but it also means the absence of violence such as social degradation, conflict, oppression, injustice, life threats, poverty, discrimination, exploitation, and so on (Balasooriya, 2001). In an educational context, learners are guided to become excellent and wise citizens who can participate in social roles (Tan et al., 2017). Thus, the peace values are integrated with the school system to understand these values from an early age.
According to Balasooriya (2001), there are three types of peace values: inner peace, social peace, and peace with nature. Inner peace denotes peace of mind where there is psychological or spiritual calm in a person, for instance, good health, harmony and peace with oneself, and absence of inner conflicts, sense of freedom, joy, spiritual peace, insight, compassion, feelings of kindness, appreciation of art, and contentment. Social peace indicates how to maintain a social life away from internal conflict, or it can be said as learning to live together, for example, harmony arising from human relationships at all levels, love, conflict reconciliation and resolution, democracy, friendship, community-building, unity, human rights, mutual understanding, tolerance of differences, acceptance, morality, brotherhood, and cooperation. The last is peace with nature which refers to human relations with other creatures that are constitutionally controlled in a community (does not only belong to human beings)for example, harmony with the natural environment and mother earth.
Recognizing and understanding the categories of peace sources is significant to perform since these sources provide the basis for building peace (Balasooriya, 2001). Peace must be viewed holistically either at the personal level, social level, or ecological level. Here, total peace can arise due to the cooperation of all peace sources. Figure 1 represents the explanation above.
Through the combination of pragma-stylistics and categories of peace values, all kinds of discourse, including speech, can be used as learning media (e.g., in the EFL learning context) since they contain peace values found through the speech acts and language styles used. Peace education can be implemented in a variety of ways, including through the use of learning media, learning materials, learning methods, and learning evaluation models. Furthermore, linguistic or speech strategies when communicating with learners can also be used for teaching peace values (Nurhadi, 2016). In such a case, pragmatic-stylistic strategies are linguistic techniques that describe the use of strategies and styles as the speech intersection.

METHODS
This study employed a qualitative research design, especially political discourse analysis since it was conducted based on descriptive data. According to Miles et al. (2014), the types of qualitative data are in the form of handwritten, audio or video recordings, and documents. Through a qualitative approach, this study sought to portray and examine the obtained data in the form of words or phrases. The data sources were a video of Joe Biden's victory speech delivered on a Saturday night, November 7, 2020, in Wilmington, Delaware. The duration of the video was approximately 15 minutes. Biden's victory speech video was chosen since it contained President-elect Joe Biden's pledges to be a president for 'everybody' and the high number of viewers on YouTube exceeds 1.2 M.
The data collection techniques were done in two types: transcription done by the researchers, and documentation. Dornyei (2007) stated that transcription is a technique to provide a written report of the spoken words to comprehend the data thoroughly. This technique can be done by selecting the required data only. In this study, transcriptions of the video were made to comprehend Biden's pragma stylistics. Moreover, the documentation technique was also employed for the peace values taken from Biden's pragma stylistics. The intended document in this case referred to Biden's video transcription which consists of 1.826 words or 8.281 characters (no spaces). This technique assists in enhancing the current analytical task and increasing confidence in the conclusion (Miles et al., 2014). Miles et al. (2014) recommended three major processes for data analysis: data condensation, data display, and drawing and verifying conclusions. When the text transcription of Joe Biden's victory speech became available, the research procedure was as follows: (1) selecting and listing the illocutionary acts and language style based on the sentence structure; (2) classifying the data obtained from video transcriptions based on Searle's (2002) type of illocutionary acts and Keraf's (2006) language style (based on the sentence structure), and (3) analyzing the data gained based on the categories of peace values proposed by Balasooriya (2001).

RESULTS
The study explores the pragma-stylistics in Joe Biden's victory speech and its relation to the peace values. The following are the study results, which are divided into five points based on the types of illocutionary acts. Table 1 displays the first category of illocutionary acts, namely assertive. Assertive denotes what the speaker believes in circumstances (Hanks, 2018). The followings are the data display of assertives in Biden's victory speech. The words, phrase, or sentence in focus is underlined.

Repetition (anaphora)
Inner peace (promoting spirit) (1) Excerpt 1: "Folks, the people of this nation have spoken. They've delivered us a clear victory, a convincing victory, a victory for we, the people. We've won with the most votes ever cast for a presidential ticket in the history of the nation".
Biden utters assertive speech act in Excerpt 1 to state his absolute victory over Donald Trump. Here, Biden utilized parallelism and repetition (anadiplosis) to manifest his belief. The parallelism in speech is seen in the grammatical structure of words, 'they've delivered' and 'we've won'. Those two phrases are both formed from the same tense. Meanwhile, the repetition of anadiplosis type is occurred in the phrase 'a convincing victory, a victory for us'. It depicts a repetition of the last phrase of the previous clause, which is used to create a great deal of emphasis. Overall, this utterance denotes social peace, particularly democracy, since Biden said that his victory came from the people's vote. Another language style in assertive illocutionary acts is also manifested in the following speech.
(2) Excerpt 2 "Once again, America's bent the arc of the moral universe more toward justice. Kamala Doug, like it or not, you're family. You become an honorary Biden; there's no way out".
In Excerpt 2, Biden affirmed that Kamala Doug is part of the Biden family, whether somebody likes it or not. The term 'Biden's family' is for Kamala Doug, currently vice president and all-American citizen. The antithesis in the speech utilizes an opposite meaning from the phrase, 'like it or not', to show the contrasting effect. Furthermore, this assertive illocutionary act depicts social peace with the focus on accepting the extended family within the scope of a country. Assertive with different language styles are also pointed out in the speech below.
(3) Excerpt 3 "It's not some mysterious force beyond our control. It's a decision, a choice we make".
The assertive speech act in Excerpt 3 states that the demonization era in America can be ended with a concerted effort; this is not an impossibility. In this speech, Biden employed repetition of anaphora type, which is shown in the first word 'it's'. This first word is repeated in each subsequent sentence for convincing. Besides, these two sentences indicate Biden's inner peace, mainly to promote a spirit of the American citizens to remain optimistic about change for the better. Table 2 shows the second category of illocutionary acts, namely the directive discovered in Biden's victory speech. Directive refers to what the speaker wants in a situation, getting the interlocutors to do something (Hanks, 2018). Table 2 displays data of directives in Biden's victory speech.

No. Speech
Kinds of language style Types of peace value 1.
We're always looking ahead. Ahead to an America that is freer and more just. Ahead to an America that creates jobs with dignity and respect. Ahead to an America that cures diseases like cancer and Alzheimer's. Ahead to an America that never leaves anyone behind. Ahead to an America that never gives up, never gives in, this great nation (Excerpt 4).

2.
There's never been anything, never been anything we've been not able to do when we've done it together (Excerpt 5).

Repetition (epizeuxis)
Parallelism Inner peace (promoting spirit) (4) Excerpt 4 "We're always looking ahead. Ahead to an America that is freer and more just. Ahead to an America that creates jobs with dignity and respect. Ahead to an America that cures diseases like cancer and Alzheimer's. Ahead to an America that never leaves anyone behind. Ahead to an America that never gives up, never gives in, this great nation".
In Excerpt 4, Biden directed his citizens to always think positively in the future. Here, Biden utilized three language styles at once, namely repetition (anadiplosis), repetition (anaphora), and parallelism, to manifest his intention. The repetition of anadiplosis type is shown in the sentences 'we're always looking ahead'. 'Ahead' portrays a repetition of the last word of the previous clause. Besides, repetition of anaphora type is also shown in the first word 'ahead' five times. Moreover, parallelism can be indicated by the phrase 'never gives up, never gives in' since they have a similar grammatical structure. Concerning the peace values, this directive illocutionary act denotes social peace focusing on compromise and resolution since America desires to be a great nation by creating jobs, curing severe pain, etc. The following speech also indicates another language style in directive illocutionary acts.
(5) Excerpt 5 "There's never been anything, never been anything we've been not able to do when we've done it together".
Directive speech act on Excerpt 5 is uttered to encourage American citizens to have a positive thinking that all is well if they work it out together. In this speech, Biden used repetition of epizeuxis type, which is shown in the phrase 'never been anything' and parallelism in the sentence 'we've been not able to do when we've done it together'. Biden utilizes both language styles to emphasize the positive vibes to his citizens. This sentence shows Biden's inner peace, significantly boosting spirits.

Commissive Illocutionary Acts
Commissives found in Biden's victory speech are shown in Table 3 as a part of illocutionary acts. Commissive refers to what the speaker intends or commits for future action. The followings are the data display of commissives in Biden's victory speech. Table 3. Commissives in Biden's victory speech.

No. Speech
Kinds of language style Types of peace value 1.
I pledge to be a president who seeks not to divide but unify, who doesn't see red states and blue states, only sees the United States (Excerpt 6).
It will be constructed out of compassion, empathy, and concern (Excerpt 7).
We will not leave. We will lead not only by the example of our power but by the power of our example (Excerpt 8).
The United States of America, ladies, and gentlemen, there's never, never been anything we've tried we've not been able to do (Excerpt 9).

Repetition (anadiplosis)
Inner peace (promoting spirit) (6) Excerpt 6 "I pledge to be a president who seeks not to divide but unify, who doesn't see red states and blue states, only sees the United States".
In Excerpt 6, Biden pledged himself to be a president for everyone. He emphasized that statement by using repetition of antithesis twice: (1) 'not to divide but unify' and (2) 'doesn't see red states and blue states, only sees the United States'. The antithesis in the speech is marked with negative sentences followed by positive sentences through the word 'but' and 'only'. Thus, it refers to the opposite meaning. Employing this language style, Biden attempted to depict social peace with a focus on unity in the country. Commissive with diverse language styles is also represented in the speech below.
(7) Excerpt 7 "It will be constructed out of compassion, empathy, and concern". This commissive speech act is spoken to warrant that the country's development will be carried out in tandem with those three emotions. In this excerpt from the speech, Biden used parallelism in three nouns: 'compassion', 'empathy', and 'concern'. The promise made by Biden shows social peace concerning mutual understanding where the leader attempts to grasp the needs of his people. Another language style in commissive illocutionary acts is also shown in the following speech.
(8) Excerpt 8 "We will not leave. We will lead not only by the example of our power but by the power of our example".
In Excerpt 8, Biden committed to never leaving his people and leading the United States by combining the example of their power and the power of their example. The promise of the elected president is delivered through repetition (anaphora) and parallelism. The anaphora can be seen in the sentence, 'we will not leave. we will lead'. This type depicts that the subject, 'we', appears twice. Other than anaphora, Biden also utilized parallelism which is indicated by the same grammatical structure: 'not only by the example of our power but by the power of our example'. Concerning peace values, this commissive illocutionary act refers to the inner peace of Biden in spreading the spirit to American citizens. The last example of commissive illocutionary acts is also indicated in the speech below.
(9) Excerpt 9 "The United States of America, ladies, and gentlemen, there's never, never been anything we've tried we've not been able to do".
The commissive speech act above is uttered to guarantee that everything can be tried to be done. The language style of repetition (anadiplosis) existed to emphasize a particular meaning. The word 'never' appeared in which the repetition of the last word of the previous phrase. The emphasis made by Biden is intended to show his inner peace by spreading his spirit to all his citizens, whether they support his leadership or not. Table 4 indicates the fourth category of illocutionary acts, namely expressive discovered in Biden's victory speech. Expressive refers to expressing the psychological state of a speaker's or interlocutor's action. Table 4 displays the expressives in Biden's victory speech.  Language and Education, 9(2), 812-831, 2022  Biden speaks this expressive speech act to thank his campaign team and volunteers who supported him in the presidential election. He expressed his gratitude by saying 'I owe you. I owe you. I owe you' to emphasize his feeling. This kind of repetition is called epizeuxis, in which there is direct repetition several times. This expression also includes one of the peace values: social peace, focusing on showing gratitude to the supporters.

| Studies in English
(11) Excerpt 11 "And all those who supported us. I'm proud of the campaign we built. I'm proud of the coalition we put together, the broadest and most diverse coalition in history".
In Excerpt 11, Biden also expressed his gratitude to his campaign team and coalition for their support. However, he delivered his gratitude in a different style of language, namely by using the repetition of anaphora. This repetition can be seen in the clause 'I'm proud of' twice. In this excerpt from the speech, Biden gave the example of social peace concerning showing gratitude. Another language style in expressive illocutionary acts is also shown in the following speech. This last expressive speech act is spoken to express Biden's spiritual feelings. He ended his speech by chanting a prayer that God would bless America and its people. The language style used in this prayer is parallelism. It can be examined from the grammatical structure of the sentence, 'may God bless America, and may God protect our troops'. This sentence contains coordinating conjunction that connects the two clauses. The expression made by Biden indicates his inner peace to share spiritual peace among citizens.

Declaration Illocutionary Acts
Declarations found in Biden's victory speech are shown in Table 5 as a part of illocutionary acts. Declaration refers to a speech act where the speaker creates a new state by declaring that the state is valid. Table 5 displays declarations in Biden's victory speech. 3. Folks, I'm a proud Democrat, but I will govern as an American president (Excerpt 15).

Antithesis
Inner peace (wise) (13) Excerpt 13 "You're going to have one of your own in the White House, and Jill is going to make a great first lady".
In Excerpt 13, Biden declared that his wife, Jill Biden, would represent America's educators in the White House. Apart from being an English lecturer, she will also be the great first lady of America. In declaring this speech, Biden employed parallelism to manifest his intention. A similar grammatical structure can indicate this with coordinating conjunction 'and' between two sentences. Concerning the peace values, this declaration denotes social peace, focusing on community-building since Biden only mentions the American educators' community.
These three sentences are used to declare that Donald Trump's supporters are not the enemy of Biden's supporters. To emphasize that situation, Biden directly used two repetitions: anaphora and epizeuxis. The repetition of anaphora is shown in the clause 'they are' three times and the repetition of epizeuxis is denoted for the last two sentences: 'They are Americans. They're Americans'. By using those two different language styles, Biden intended to share one of the peace values: social peace with the concern for unity for all American citizens.
(15) Excerpt 15 "Folks, I'm a proud Democrat, but I will govern as an American president".
In Excerpt 15, Biden declared that he would professionally be president for all Americans even though he was from the Democrat (his party). To stress it vigorously, he utilized the repetition of antithesis in the sentence, 'I'm a proud Democrat, but I will govern as an American president'. The antithesis is marked with the conjunctive word 'but' which indicates to connect between contrasting ideas. Through this language style, Biden attempted to portray inner peace by focusing on his wisdom.

DISCUSSION
As shown in the results section, five categories of illocutionary acts were found in Biden's victory speech. In this case, commissive is the most common illocutionary type realized with various language styles. This finding is consistent with Hashim's (2015) results that the commissive category was the most prevalent in political speech acts. It is because politicians have become accustomed to making promises or making commitments in order to entice citizens to vote for them. These findings are linked to the relationship between politicians and the language they utilized. Politicians have primary objectives in mind when giving a speech. It corresponds to the illocutionary role, which encapsulates the speaker's primary goal in delivering the speech act (Hanks, 2018). In this circumstance, interlocutors can apply illocutionary acts theory to grasp the speaker's intended meaning. Moreover, politicians have become accustomed to using a variety of language styles to express their thoughts and feelings (Abuya, 2012). This study also discovered that Biden utilizes various language styles in his victory speech, such as parallelism, antithesis, and kinds of repetition (epizeuxis, anaphora, and anadiplosis).
In Biden's victory speech, parallelism was used as the language style in more than half of the data. As stated by Al-Ameedi and Mukhef (2017), politicians utilized more parallelism to convince and persuade listeners. Several language styles are described by Keraf (2006), such as climax, anticlimax, and different kinds of repetition (tautotoes, epistrophe, symploche, mesodiplosis, epanalepsis), were not used by Biden in his victory speech. It might be because those linguistic styles are more common in literary works, whereas Biden's victory speech is more grounded in reality, in this case, direct speech.
Apart from the pragma stylistics, peace values are also found in Biden's victory speech. Two out of three types of peace values emerged in Biden's victory speech, themed 'Time to Heal in America'. In Biden's victory speech, inner peace (e.g. promoting spirit and wisdom) and social peace (e.g. unity, democracy, acceptance, mutual understanding, compromise, and resolution) were discovered. The majority of Biden's speech contains values of social peace. It corresponds to the concept of social peace: how to sustain a social existence free of internal conflict, or how to learn to live together (Balasooriya, 2001). After his victory over Trump, Biden endeavored to encourage his citizens to unite and live in peace for the sake of America's future development. Thus, Biden inserted more social peace into his victory speech than inner peace. In this study, peace with nature did not occur in Biden's victory speech since the topic might not be in accordance with the setting, the purpose, and the participants of his speech.
After gaining the comprehensive data, the data can be part of learning materials to promote peace values in the EFL classroom. Regarding the appropriate educational context for speeches, EFL high school learners are the most appropriate. As demanded by the 2013 Curriculum, speaking has become one of the productive language skills that English teachers in Indonesia should teach at the high school level (Jufri, 2016).
In the EFL learning context, peace values also become a significant thing since they are used to educate learners on how to become good human beings with good character. In most Indonesian schools, textbooks are the primary source of information during the teaching and learning process (Zahri, 2018). Nonetheless, learners basically can learn many things, including peace values, from various learning media such as videos. During the teaching and learning process, teachers can utilize videos to teach learners about the peace values that are notable to possess; one example could be a video of Biden's victory speech.
Many studies have shown that using video as a learning medium for learners, particularly in EFL classrooms, is effective (Kamelia, 2019). It appears that employing films can provide a relaxed environment for learners while also encouraging them to be more active and absorb the information. It is because video combines both pictures and audio so that learners can directly see the materials. Learners are expected to grasp the importance of peace values pleasingly through pragma stylistics and peace values found in videos of victory speeches.

CONCLUSION
According to the findings and discussion, Biden's victory speech contained a variety of illocutionary acts, including assertive, directive, commissive, expressive, and declaration. However, as politicians are accustomed to making promises or commitments in order to attract citizens, the most common illocutionary type in using various language styles is commissive. In this study, the five illocutionary types use a variety of language styles, including parallelism, antithesis, and repetition (epizeuxis, anaphora, and anadiplosis), with more than half of the data employing parallelism as the language style.
In terms of peace values, Biden's victory speech highlighted two of the three categories of peace values, namely inner peace and social peace. Nonetheless, most of Biden's speeches contain social peace values, which are in line with the concept of social peace, notably how to preserve a social existence free of internal conflict, or learning to live together. Furthermore, besides using textbooks, teachers in the EFL classroom can utilize videos to teach learners about peace values. Learners can appreciate the relevance of peace values by using pragma stylistics and peace values found in victory speeches.
Exploring other types of each illocutionary acts is highly recommended for future related research. For instance, the assertive illocutionary act itself is divided into six categories (stating, informing, affirming, boasting, complaining, and denying). More acts can be studied and retrieved by studying each one in more depth. In addition, future research can also use other recent theories to investigate categories of illocutionary acts.   Language and Education, 9(2), 812-831, 2022  30. We will not leave. We will lead not only by the example of our power but by the power of our example.

Parallelism
Inner peace (promoting spirit) 31. I know I've alwaysbelieve many of you heard me say it -I've always believed we can define America in one word: possibilities.

Repetition (anaphora)
Social peace (compromise and resolution) 32. We're always looking ahead. Ahead to an America that is freer and more just. Ahead to an America that creates jobs with dignity and respect. Ahead to an America that cures diseases like cancer and Alzheimer's. Ahead to an America that never leaves anyone behind. Ahead to an America that never gives up, never gives in, this great nation.