Analyzing the English Translation of the Novel ‘Laskar Pelangi’ (The Rainbow Troops)

Initial studies show that there are some translations of literary works (from Indonesian to English) where the quality of the translation is questionable due to the loss of information, the addition of information, and the skewing of information. This is the main reason why this research was made. In this research we sought to assess the translation classification and quality of the English version of the novel ‘Laskar Pelangi’ (The Rainbow Troops). The translation classification of Falk et al. (2011) was employed. The translation quality was analyzed using the framework by Nababan et al. (2012). The research employed a documentation technique of descriptive qualitative study. The study found that among 3556 (words, phrases and sentences) data there are 1889 data classified as loss of information, 1527 data categorized as addition of information, and 140 data labeled as skewing of information. The translation quality of this novel was found to be less qualified since its accuracy and acceptability were both low and readability was found to be medium. In order to improve the accuracy, acceptability and readability of a translation, the authors suggest that the translator should have both good translation capabilities as well as cultural understanding of both the source language and target language


INTRODUCTION
English has become the lingua franca both studied and used by most people around the world.It can be seen in various fields of life such as politics, science, education, industry as well as textbooks and literature.On the subject of literature for instance, many kinds of fiction have been published in English, including fiction from countries where English is their first language.This may happened because their literary works have been translated into English.Hakemi (2013) emphasized that anyone who translates should consider how a literary translation has the power to convey the original work to the readers.Aziz (2015, p. 118) said "translation aims at finding the closest equivalent meaning in the target language, thus there can be many ways to express and convey the message from a certain original text into a target text".In addition, Falk et al. (2011) asserted that there are three things that often happen when translating a text, namely: loss of information, addition of information, and skewing of information.These factors seem to have been occurred in two well-known Indonesian-English translated novels; two of them are 'Salah Asuhan' (Never the Twain) novel and 'Laskar Pelangi' (The Rainbow Troops) novel.'Laskar Pelangi' was written by Hirata (2006); it became an 'International best seller' and has been translated into various languages in different countries.In Australia, this novel is known under the title of 'The Rainbow Troops' translated by Kilbane (2009).This novel contains many educational values.For instance, it tells us about the simplicity of teachers and students, and that honesty and persistency can solve life obstacles in leading them to a bright future.These reasons indicate that the translation of this novel deserves to be analyzed.
The English version of 'Laskar Pelangi' has been analyzed as a subject of several studies, especially those related to translation i.e.Manurung and Silalahi (2013), Ngestiningtyas (2013) and Fedora (2015).Their research centered on topics of passive voice translation analysis, idiom translation strategies and analysis of procedures in translating cultural words and their meaning shift respectively.Unlike the previous research, this research focused on the three translation classifications proposed by Falk et al. (2011) and also the translation quality of 'The Rainbow Troops' novel by using the framework of Nababan et al. (2012).

Translation
Some experts have explicated the definition of translation.Nida and Taber (1969), as mentioned in Farida (2008), claimed that translation is disclosure or explication of a return message contained in the source language into the target language with equivalent meaning as precisely and as natural as possible.Falk et al. (2011) agreed that translation is not only an issue of interpreting the words of one language to another, but also as the effort to share the knowledge worldwide from the content of the source material itself.Based on these definitions, the researchers may conclude that translation is the process of changing the form of the first language into the target language with consideration for how to maintain the same message from source language so that the quality of content-meaning may be maintained as that of its original.

Translation Classification
According to Falk et al. (2011), one of the translation principles is that there will always be no exact equivalent translation between languages.Consequently, the possibility of loss of information, addition of information and skewing of information in translation will occur.In addition, Falk et al. (2011) explained that loss of information means the translation has lack of information because the translator does not present the whole source information in the target text.Addition of information is the translation which contains extra information added by the translator in the target language.Besides, skewing of information occurs when the information in the target language differs with the information in the source language.
Nababan ( 2008) elucidated that addition of information is the information that is not delivered in the source text, but is possibly attached to the target language text.Furthermore, Baker (2011) believed that loss of information is the situation where a lexical item, grammatical or semantic patterns of the target language is deleted or omitted.Prawita ( 2014) clarified that skewing of information means the phrase of source language does not have exact equivalent in the target language.

The Roles of Family in Language Maintenance
The assessment of the translation quality can occur across four areas, i.e. 1) published translation, 2) professional translation, 3) translation that is generated in the context of the teaching translation practice subject, and 4) translations that were examined in the context of translation study (Nababan et al., 2012).Essentially, published translation is identical to professional translation because both are produced by professional translators.The difference is that published translations are read by the widest range of people, while professional translations are read by a limited range of people.Furthermore, translation in the context of teaching refers to the translation produced by students on the course of translation practice.Meanwhile, the translation in the context of translation studies can be a published translation.
Translation assessment of a published translation can be an assessment of literary text (e.g.poetry, novel, and essay) or non-literary text (e.g.text in the field of law, economics, medicine, socio-cultural, and political).Evaluation of the published text aims to determine the strengths and weaknesses of the translation and to resolve the weakness of translation.Moreover, Nababan et al. (2012) argued that translation quality is determined by three aspects, namely accuracy, acceptability and readability.The indicators of translation quality of those categories can be seen in the Tables 1, 2 and 3. Table 1.Instrument rubric of Translation Accuracy (source: Nababan, et al. 2012).

Translation categories
Score Qualitative parameters

Accurate 3
The meaning of the word, the technical term, phrase, clause, sentence or source language text accurately transferred into the target language; absolutely no distortion, addition or deletion of meaning.

Less accurate 2
Most of the word meaning, the technical term, phrase, clause, sentence or source language text has been transferred accurately into the target language, but there is still a distortion of meaning or translation of double meaning (ambiguous) or there is deletion of meaning, or addition of meaning which disturb the integrity of the message.

Inaccurate 1
The meaning of the word, the technical term, phrase, clause, sentence or source language text inaccurately into the target language or deleted or added.

Medium readability 2
In general, the translation can be understood by the reader; but there are certain parts that should be read more than once to understand the translation.

Low readability 1
The translation is difficult to understand by the reader.

METHOD
The method used in this research is a qualitative descriptive method.To look at the translation classification and the translation quality of this research, the source language novel of 'Laskar Pelangi', and the translated language novel, 'The Rainbow Troops' are used.The data to be analyzed is the target language.The data in this research constitutes the translated statements in the novel; this is known as secondary research data.The subjects of this research are the Indonesian novel entitled 'Laskar Pelangi' and its English version known as 'The Rainbow Troops'.Meanwhile, the objects of this study are the translation classification and quality.
To look at the translation classification in the novel, the researchers used the theory of Falk et al. (2011).Additionally, the researchers assessed the translation quality based on the rubric of translation quality in Nababan et al. (2012).In collecting the data of this study, the researchers used documentation method.In this study, the researchers applied discourse analysis.

Translation Classification
The research data are classified into loss of information (1889 data), addition of information (1527 data) and skewing of information (140 data).Some findings of loss of information, addition of information and skewing of information in the 'The Rainbow Troops' novel are outlined in the following sections.

Loss of Information
The classification of loss of information included the most data compared to other translation classifications (i.e.addition of information and skewing of information).Loss of information was found in 36 Chapters of 'The Rainbow Troops' novel.One chapter (Chapter 34) was not translated by the translator.In other words, this chapter is eliminated in the translated version of the novel.Some of the examples of loss of information are shown below (E refers to excerpt, meanwhile 'Ind' is Indonesian and 'Eng' is English): This loss of information took place in Chapter 34 in the novel.In this last chapter of the novel, the author has told about Syahdan who has become a panelist and a narrator in this chapter, Mahar launched his novel on that day, Kucai who has become a politician, while Ikal was continuing his study.This information could not be found in the novel because the translator omitted this information.
Basically, there are some of translation experts like Kim (2004) and Bassnett (2014) who agreed loss of information might be applied in translating a text.However, Kim (2004) and Bassnett (2014) allow the loss of information if between source language and corresponding receptor language there is a different semantic equation (Kim, 2004) and the similarity of two languages do not exist (Bassnett, 2014).The factors mentioned by Kim (2004) and Bassnett (2014) do not exist in the example above.The missing information should be translated by the translator so that the readers have the same understanding as the source language (Paul, 2009).
In this example, the translator omitted the phrase "penjual kaligrafi" in the target novel.The phrase "penjual kaligrafi" could be translated in English to "the seller of calligraphy".The word "calligraphy" means a beautiful handwriting art made from special pen or brush (Hornby, 2000).

Addition of Information
The data of addition of information could be found in all chapters of the novel.Among all chapters in the novel, there are eleven chapters (Chapters 10,26,31,33,34,35,36,37,38,39 and 48) that have a lot of addition of information data.In other words, all information contained in these chapters is added entirely by the translator.For instance: E3Ind: …atau gambar seekor burung aneh berekor delapan helai yang selalu.... E3Eng: …or our state symbol the strange bird with an eight-feathered tail always....In this example, the translator added the information "our state symbol" in the target language.The meaning of "state" is "a country considered as an organized political community controlled by one government", while "symbol" means "a person, an object, an event, etc." (Hornby, 2000).Thus, based on the context "state symbol" can be defined as a symbol of a country.This kind of addition of information has been provoked by Nida (1964), as cited in Nababan (2008), who argued that the addition of information in the specific purpose is required if the translator found ambiguity and/or confusing situation in the form of target language.Therefore, in this context the translator added the information to make the readers understand the meaning of "the bird with an eight-feathered" which is an Indonesian state symbol.It becomes a translator's effort to avoid the confusing situation.
E4Ind: …Copernicus serta Lucretius sedang duduk… E4Eng: …Copernicus, Lucretius and Isaac Newton were sitting down… In this case, the translator added the person name "Isaac Newton" in the target language.This situation showed that the translator added the unnecessary information that makes the situation in the target language novel that is different with the source language novel.The fact of the source text is "Isaac Newton" was not there at that time.The case is related to the statement of Nababan et al. (2012) who claimed that addition of information is to deceive the readers of TL text.

Skewing of Information
Skewing of information has lowest data compared with other translation classification (i.e.loss of information and addition of information).Skewing of information data could be found in 29 chapters of the novel.The dominant data of skewing of information were found in Chapter 2 and Chapter 3 of the novel.The following text illustrates some examples.
The above example showed that the translator skewed the noun pohon sagu into "coconut tree".The translator could take the phrase "sago palm tree" to say pohon sagu in English.The word "sago" means "a starchy substance obtained from inside the trunk of certain palm trees" (Walter, 2005).So, the phrase "sago palm" means "a palm tree which yields sago".While "coconut" means "the large, hard-shelled oval nut of the cocoa palm.It has a fibrous husk containing a thick white fibrous meat, used as food, in confections, and in making oil" (Walter, 2005).Hence, the phrase "coconut tree" means a tall plant that grows upwards and produces coconuts.Furthermore, in Indonesian, pohon kelapa means "coconut tree".
Based on the explanation above, the researchers conclude that "coconut tree" and "sago palm tree" is different in both the shape of the tree and the food produced.This finding corrected the theory of Falk et al. (2011) who stated that skewing of information is the information existed in the target language is not appropriate with the information in the source language.
E6Ind: Tak disangsikan, jika di-zoom out, kampung kami adalah kampong terkaya di Indonesia.E6Eng: Without a doubt, if one were to zoom out, our village would appear to be the richest village in the world.
In this example, the translator translated "di Indonesia" into "in the world".This sentence is a comparative sentence within a word "terkaya" -"richest".Although the superlative word chosen by the translator is correct, the adverb of place used by her is incorrect."Indonesia" is a country in Southeast Asia which is not assumed to be the same as the "world".According to Baker (2011), the changing of meaning depends on the importance of the change being made.However, the researchers found that there is no significant change for the translator or the reader.

The Translation Quality
Out of 12676 data within the novel, this research found 9120 data which are categorized into 'accurate', 847 data are 'less accurate', and 2709 data are 'not accurate'.Moreover, out of 12299 data, 10460 data are 'acceptable', 23 data are 'less acceptable', and 1816 data are 'not acceptable'.Finally, out of 12335 data, 10460 data are categorized into 'high readability', 59 data are 'medium readability', and 1816 are 'low readability'.

Accurate
An accurate translation is where the meaning of the word, the technical term phrase, clause, sentence or source language text accurately transferred into the target language; absolutely no distortion, addition or deletion of meaning (Nababan et al., 2012).Some of the examples are: E7Ind: Bagaimana kalau kami tak mampu menjawab dan hanya membawa pulang angka nol?E7Eng: What if we couldn't answer and came home with no points?
In spite of the translation technique used on the data above, the translation result is accurate since there is no distortion in meaning.
E8Ind: Ia sedang berusaha keras memikirkan konsep seni untuk karnaval 17 Agustus.E8Eng: He was in the middle of brainstorming about the artistic concept for the August 17 th carnival -Independence Day.
This translation has been translated accurately even though there is the addition of information "Independence Day".It does not matter for the translator to add the information as long as it is appropriate with the source language.The term that was added by the translator is to make the readers understand that August 17 th is the Indonesian Independence day.

Less accurate
The case of a less accurate translation refers to a translation which has most of the word meaning, the technical term, phrase, clause, sentence or source language text that has been transferred accurately into the target language, but there is still a distortion of meaning or translation of double meaning (ambiguous) or there is deletion of meaning, or addition of meaning which disturb the integrity of the message (Nababan et al., 2012).For example: E9Ind: Ia tak ambil pusing mendegar ocehanku, peluh hamper masuk kedalam kelopak matanya tapi wajahnya riang gembira tak alang kepalang.E9Eng: He paid no heed to my blubbering.
The example above is categorized into 'less accurate' because there is information in the source language which is not transferred by the translator in the target language.The omitted clause is "peluh hamper masuk kedalam kelopak matanya tapi wajahnya riang gembira tak alang kepalang".
There is double meaning (ambiguous) in this translation.The translation should not add the word of "extra" in this sentence because there is the word of "special".

Not accurate
A translation is not accurate because the meaning of the word, the technical term, phrase, clause, sentence or source language text is inaccurately translated into the target language or deleted or added (Nababan et al., 2012) The translator did not translate this data.The translator's work is not accurate because the readers of the novel could not get this information.
E12Ind: Tapi buat apa pula dikunci?E12Eng: But they never needed to be locked anyway.
The sentence above is an interrogative sentence but the translator changed it into a negative sentence.This data is 'inaccurate' because the form of sentence was changed by the translator so that the readers may get different understanding.

Acceptable
A translation should be 'acceptable' when the translation is scientific; the technical term is commonly used and familiar to the reader; phrases, clauses and sentences that are used in accordance with the rules of the target language (Nababan et al., 2012).For examples: In this case, the translator translated the sound of the bell of a quiz contest into the source language "Kring…" into "Buzz…" in the target language.It is acceptable for the readers since the technical term is familiar to the readers in the target language.
E14Ind: Aku bahkan tak kuat mengucapkan sepatah pun kata perpisahan.E14Eng: I couldn't even utter a fragment of a word to say The example above is 'acceptable' since the sentence is in accordance with the rules of the target language.

Less acceptable
A translation is less acceptable when generally a translation is almost natural but there is little problem with the use of technical terms or the occurrence of slight grammatical errors (Nababan et al., 2012).Some of them are: E15Ind: ___________ E15Eng: … the one who always provide the solution for us.

E17Ind:
_________ E17Eng: "You can fill it out?" These translations felt natural, but there are small grammatical errors.The verb "provide" (in E15) should be changed into "provides" because this sentence is in present and the subject is 'he'.While the grammatical error in E16 is due to the translator putting the auxiliary verb "did" after the subject "you" in the interrogative sentence.The translator must put the auxiliary verb "did" at the beginning of sentence because the formula of an interrogative sentence in the simple past tense is: Did+S+V1+O/C.The grammatical error also happened in data E17 where the auxiliary verb "can" is put after subject in the interrogative sentence by the translator.The translator is obliged to put "can" before the subject.Nababan et al. (2012) said that an unacceptable translation is the translation which is not natural or feels like the work of translation, the technical term used are not commonly used and familiar to the reader, and phrases, clauses and sentences that are used do not conform to the rules of target language.Some found in the data are: E18Ind: Kami adalah regu F pada lomba memencet tombol E18Eng: We were team F in this button-pushing competition.
The translation of "button-pushing competition" is not natural or feels like the work of translation.This term is not commonly used by the readers of the target language novel.The translator should have translated "lomba memencet tombol" into a "quiz contest".
E19Ind: "Anak Pak Cik akan sebangku dengan Lintang,"... E19Eng: "Pak Cik, your son will share a desk with Lintang,"...This example is also categorized as unacceptable because the term of "Pak Cik" is not translated by the translator so that it makes this term unfamiliar to the readers of the novel.To translate the term of "Pak Cik" in English, the translator can use "Uncle".

Readability
Readability basically includes the average sentence length, number of new words and grammatical complexities of the language used in translation.The results from the data obtained on readability are explained in the following sub-sections.

High readability
Nababan et al. ( 2012) defined a high readability translation as words, technical terms, phrases, clauses, sentences or text translation that can easily be understood by the reader.For example: E20Ind: ____________________________________________________________________ E20Eng: Look at us again: We survived the fierce Mister Samadikun's threats, we withstood the dredges that wanted to wipe away our school, and we survived the economic difficulties that strangled us on a daily basis.But most of all, we survived the most immediate of threats: the threat of ourselves, the disbelief in the power of education coupled with low self-confidence."It just sounds cool every time I speak Indonesian with my pals".
Although these data are categorized into addition of information, they are classified as high readability data because these data can be easily understood by the readers without reading them more than once.
To sum up, the translator of the novel does not only omit, add and skew the translation in the words or phrases but also in sentences.The large number of loss of information, addition of information, and skewing of information in the translation have a bad impact on the accuracy of translation so that it also reduced the quality of translation.The finding of accuracy, acceptability and readability of the novel is concluded in Tables 4 and 5.The final score of the translation quality assessment of "The Rainbow Troops" novel showed that the translation quality of this novel is less qualified.This is because the mean score of accuracy, acceptability and readability of this novel is under 3, which makes the accuracy as less qualified.The low accuracy of this novel is caused by the large number of loss of information, addition of information and skewing of information.

DISCUSSION
As stated at the beginning of this study, this study focused on analyzing the translation of 'The Rainbow Troops' novel through classifications proposed by Falk et al. (2011) and the translation quality based on a framework of Nababan et al. (2012).The findings of this study may be described as follows.With regard to the translation classification, out of 3556 total of data, there are 1889 data classified as loss of information, 1527 data classified as addition of information, and 140 data classified as skewing of information, respectively.The researchers found that there are many kinds of loss, addition and skewing of information made by the translator in the novel.The translator not only omits, adds and skews the translation in words or phrases but also in sentences.Additionally, the translator omitted the information which can be found in the target language.Thus the researchers argue that a reader of 'The Rainbow Troops' novel could not have the same understanding as a reader of 'Laskar Pelangi' novel.A translator should convey the information in the target language in accordance with the information contained in the source language to make the readers have the same understanding (Enos, 2013).
The last finding concerns with the translation quality of 'The Rainbow Troops' novel.Out of 12676 data within the novel, 9120 data are categorized into accurate, 847 data are less accurate, and 2709 data are not accurate.Furthermore, out of 12299 data, there are 10460 data that are acceptable, 23 data are less acceptable, and 1816 data are not acceptable.Moreover, out of 12335 data, there are 10460 data with high readability, 59 data with medium readability and 1816 with low readability.The large number of loss of information, addition of information, and skewing of information in a translation has a bad impact on the translation itself because it reduces the translation quality, particularly the accuracy of the translation.This statement is in line with Baker (2011) who stated that the important aim in translation is accuracy.This conclusion is supported by the calculation of the average score of accuracy, acceptability and readability data calculated by the writer, using the framework of Nababan et al. (2012).
The results show that translating a literary work is not easy for the translators because they should maintain the same message from the source language despite the differences between languages (Baker, 2011).However, the translators must discuss the entire content of the message.If the translator ignores the common rules of translation then, the translation may result in bad translation (Nababan et al., 2012).Nida and Taber (1969) explained that bad translation occurs when the meaning is added, deleted or skewed, while good translation transpires when the same meaning is maintained.Another study conducted by Silalahi (2009) found similar things.In her study, she found that 25 data were classified as modulation, 16 data categorized as deletion and 9 data classified as addition.Silalahi stated that the lack of accuracy and inaccuracies of the first chapter of Medical-Surgical Nursing text translation was caused by the translator's technique to skew, omit and add information.

CONCLUSION
Some conclusions can be drawn from this research.First, with regard to the translation classification used by the translator in translating the 'Laskar Pelangi' novel into 'The Rainbow Troops' novel, it appears that the translator omits information more often than adding or skewing the source language.This can be proven by looking at the number of loss of information data (1889), addition of information data (1527), skewing of information data (140) made by the translator.
Furthermore, based on the writer's exploration, the translator does not only add, omit and skew the translation in the form of words and phrases, but also in sentences.The terms that were omitted and skewed by the translator are not only ones which do not have equivalents in English but also the ones that have English equivalents.
Additionally, the translation quality of the novel in the English version is less qualified since it is less accurate, less acceptable and with medium readability.The quality of a translation is strongly influenced by how accurate the translation is.In other words, the accuracy has a major effect in determining the quality of the translation compared to acceptability and readability.As a result, the translation is less qualified.Manchester, England (1993-1994).He received his Master's degree in Education Management, majoring in Management information system technology/educational policy analysis from LA Trobe University, Melbourne, Australia (1995-1997)

Table 4 .
The finding of accuracy, acceptability and readability of 'The Rainbow Troops' novel.

Table 5 .
The average score of translation quality of 'The Rainbow Troops' novel.
Walter, E. (Ed.)(2005).Cambridge advanced learner's dictionary (2nd ed.).New York: Cambridge University Press.[Received 10 January 2018; revised 25 February 2018; accepted 28 February 2018] THE AUTHORS Buhanuddin Yasin was born in Meulaboh on 29 September 1960.He graduated his baccalaureate in English Education in 1984 at the English Department of Teacher Training Faculty (FKG) Syiah Kuala University.He holds a postgraduate diploma in advance studies; specialty in Business Administration from the University of Salford, . He completed his Doctoral program in Education Management at State University of Malang.In addition, he was also trained in three different areas of skill and knowledge, i.e. Business English, Business Training Limited in Manchester, England 1986), Modem Management, International Correspondence School in Pennsylvania, USA (1992), LEAD International, Leadership for Environment and Development in Jakarta,Indonesia (1997Indonesia ( -1999)), Mahidol University in Bangkok, Thailand (1998), San Jose, Costa Rica, Central America (1999), New Hampshire University, New Hampshire, USA (1999), and New York, USA (1999).Yasin is now the Head of English Education Department of the Faculty of Teacher Training and Education, Syiah Kuala University.His research interests are in the fields of curriculum/lesson plan development, classroom management of English teaching and learning process, and management of education/school policy analysis.He can be reached at: burhanyasin@unsyiah.ac.id.Ika AprianiFata is a lecturer at the Department of English Education, Faculty of Teacher Training and Education, Syiah Kuala University.Her research interests are in the fields of literature, translation, languages, linguistics and education.She graduated from University of Indonesia, in the area of expertise of Linguistics.She had joined the visiting scholar program to Oberlin College in 2014 in the United States of America.She has been participating on many workshops and presentations during her study in the United States where she received an acknowledgment of distinction.She also participated in the Mevlana Program to Dicle University in Turkey in 2015.Her email is: ika.apriani@unsyiah.ac.idHusyitiara is a student at the Department of English Education, Faculty of Teacher Training and Education, Syiah Kuala University.Her research is in the field of translation.She has been receiving a scholarship program, Bidik Misi Scholarship, from the Indonesian government during her study at Syiah Kuala University.She has several organization experiences at the university, for instances: the secretary of religion division of the English Student Association (ESA) since 2013-2014, and the member of choir group of Badan Eksekutif Mahasiwa (Student Executive Board) since 2014-2015 in Syiah Kuala University.She graduated from SMAN 1 Matangkuli (senior high school in North Aceh).