Affixation Process of Verbs in English and Bajo Language (Contrastive Analysis)

This research was aimed at finding and describing about the affixation process of Verbs in Bajo Language, and the finding similarities and differences of verbs in English and Bajo language. This research was classified as a descriptive qualitative study. The techniques of data collection used in this research were interview and study document. The data were analyzed by using contrastive analysis. The result of the research showed that most of verbs in Bajo language changed based on meaning. The change on meaning could be formed from affixation process. Affixation process of verbs in Bajo language there is prefix process, suffix process, simulfix process, and confix process. While affixation process of verbs in English, there is prefix process, suffix process and confix process. The similarities of affixation process of verbs in English and Bajo language are both have the prefix process, suffix process, confix process in the morphological process. Difference was affixation process of verbs is in English did not have simulfix process of affixation process. ABSTRACT


INTRODUCTION
Language has the most important role in people's daily life. As time goes by language has been developing to complete human needs. Corballis (2017) says a language is not only uniquely human it is also universally so. The language itself has grammar rules in communication which are regulated in linguistic.
Macrolinguistics investigates language in relation to interdisciplinary factors, such as anthropology, psychology, sociolinguistics, and others . In this way, the author is interested in researching one of the branches of linguistics above, namely morphology. Morphology is one of linguistics study which study about language and word formation. Fromkin, Rodman, and Hyams (2014) argue that morphology is the study of the internal structure of words, and of the rules by which words are formed. The author wants to investigate the morphological process about affixation process of verbs in English and Bajo language. This research is focused on the contrastive analysis of linguistics in the affixation process of verbs in English and Bajo language, to determine the similarities and differences between the two languages.
Contrastive analysis is one of linguistic activities to know what the differences and similarities between two or more languages and then to find out collaborate explanation of those both differences and similarities. According to Nur (2016), a contrastive analysis is aimed to identify aspects of differences or dissimilarities between two or more languages being compared. In other words, a contrastive analysis is a theory that is used to compare two or more languages in order to find out the differences and similarities between the languages. The terms which are compared are the systems of both languages, for example, their morphological system or phonological system. This theory is also known as "Contrastive Linguistics".
According to Cook (2002), "Linguistics is the academic discipline concerned with the relation of knowledge about language to decision making in there al world". It means that Linguistics is the science that studies about language. It means Linguistucs is the important thing to be lerned in order to increase the ability to think. From definition above can be conclude that Linguistics is a science that study about language which has importand role for branches of it is own. According to Lesaux (2007), the word morphology can be broken down (morphologically) into two meaningful parts (known as morphemes): morph meaning shape and ology meaning the Study of. Thus, morphology is the Study of shape. Moreover, Haspelmath and Sims (2010) say morphology is the Study of the internal structure of word. In another word, morphology is the Study of the structure of words, particularly the smallest units of meaning in words: morphemes. Affixation is one of morphological processes that commonly found. According to Harimurti, affixation is a process of changing lexeme into complex words (2007). In addition, Chaer (2003:87) argues that affix is thing that can change the meaning, types, and function of a basic word or basic form. Affixation in English occurs with the addition of prefix and suffix. Prefixation is a bound morpheme which is added to the front base while suffixation is a bound morpheme which is added to the back base. Lieber (2009, p.35) states that prefix is an affix added in the beginning of words. A prefix is a group of letters added before a word or base to alter its meaning and form a new word. Examples: un-(uncover, undo), dis-(displeased, disconnect), pre-(predetermine, prejudge).
According to Lieber (2009, p.76) infixes are affixes that are inserted right into a root or base of word. In English, doesn't have any productive processes of infixation. Infix is an affix that is placed inside the basic of words in Indonesia language. Example: getar "trill" → gemetar "tremble", (Indonesia Language).
Lieber (2009, p.35) states that suffix is an affix that is added in the end of base words. Suffixes usually have special requirements for the sorts of bases suffixes can attach toSufiks is an affix which is placed in the behind of basic words. Bound morphemes which occur following other morphemes. Examples: -er (singer, performer), -ist (typist, pianist), -ly (manly, friendly).
Simulfix is an affix which is manifested by segmental characteristics that melted on the bottom. It functions is to form the basic verb. Example: soto→nyoto, sate →nyate (Indonesia Language).
Confix is an affix which consist of two elements, in front of the basic form and behind the basic form. Example: kerja "work" → pekerjaan "work", (Indonesia language).
Bajo language is one of the regional languages in Indonesia. Speaker Bajo language comes from the Bajo tribe, both in the Indonesian archipelago and outside Indonesia. This language is used as a medium of daily communication between tribal communities Bajo. Bajo language is a language spoken by Bajo people in the world, but they have different dialect each other based on the area they lived. Bajo people lived in the region along the coast of the Gulf of Bone since hundreds of years ago.

RESEARCH METHODS
The research has been conducted in Nangahale village, Talibura sub-district. In conducting this research, the researcher used descriptive qualitative research method. Suryana (2010) notes that descriptive research focuses on making a description systematically and accurately based on facts about a certain object. The research is aimed at getting the data. Data sources can be primary and secondary data. Primary data is the basic data used in the Study. Safi'I, 2005 say: Primary data is data in the research process from the original source by using appropriate data collection (Safi'I, 2005). At this stage, the primary data this reseacrh are informants as 2 native speakers of the Bajo language who live in Nangahale with the age of 25 to 60 years. Secondary data is data that is compiled but not by the writer or data in the form of documents, for example, the articles, supporters, geographical data, and so on (Safi'I, 2005). Secondary data is complementary data obtained not through first hand, but through second, third or so on. Some researchers always exemplify documents such as literature or academic text, newspaper, magazines, pamphlets, etc. The secondary data of this research are the verbs in Bajo language. The author also prepared several journals about the affixation process as a reference.
Technique of data collection in research use direct observation, interviews and document. One of the most common methods used in qualitative research is observation. Creswell (2012) defines observation "as the process of gathering open-ended, firsthand information by observing people and places at a research site". This observation aimed to investigate the mophological process of verbs in Bajo language. Interview contains about the description of individual assumption about current circumstance (Ary et al., 2010). For gathering a further understanding of affixation process of verbs in bajo language, the research conducted interview with the 2 native speakers of the Bajo language who live in Nangahale with the age of 25 to 60 years. In the qualitative research, document can be used as a source of data analysis. According to Creswell (2012), document is "a valuable source of information in qualitative research". Furthermore, Ary et al.
(2010) divide document into two categories which are written and non-written documents. In this study, the researcher obtained the data in form of written document namely the results of interviews and unwritten documents in the form of pictures during the interview. After the data is collected, the author identifies the data using the theory of O' Grady (1992), then look at the affixation processes of verbs in English and Bajo. The verb affixation process data that has been obtained are written in the book and then classified according to the types of verb affixation processes, then analyzed, described and contrasted based on the contrastive analysis theory of Lado (1957) andWhitman (1970).

OF RESEARCH AND DISCUSSION
Affixation is the process of adding affixes to the basic form. Affixation process of verbs in Bajo language there are prefix process, suffix process, simulfix process, and confix process. Affixation in English there are prefix process and suffix process.
Affixation process of verbs in Bajo language there is prefix process, suffix process, simulfix process, and confix process. While affixation process of verbs in English, there is prefix process, suffix process and confix process. The similarities of affixation process of verbs in English and Bajo language are both have the prefix process, suffix process, confix process and did not have an infix process in the morphological process. Difference was affixation process of verbs is in English did not have simulfix process of affixation process. From the whole of the data, the author discovers some affixation process of verbs in Bajo language and English. Affixation process of verbs in Bajo language there is prefix process, suffix process, simulfix process, and confix process. While affixation process of verbs in English, there is prefix process, suffix process and confix process.
The author discovers some words receiving prefix as a verb in Bajo language. There are receiving prefix (ma) and receiving prefix (nga) to the base of verbs in Bajo language. For example, the base of noun ana' (child), after receiving the prefix (nga) it turns into a verb ngana' which means give birth. Here are the examples of verb bases attached with the prefix (nga) as a verb: ana' "child" (noun) + prefix (nga) → ngana' "give birth" (verb). While the base of noun susu (milk), after receiving the prefix (ma) it turns into a verb masusu which means breastfeed. Here are the examples of noun bases attached with the prefix (ma) as a verb: susu "milk" (noun) + prefix (ma) → masusu "breastfeed" (verb). The words after receiving the prefix (ma) there are malaku, masusu, and words after receiving the prefix (nga) there are ngana ', ngantelo, ngarang, ngappo, ngaroko, ngaringgi. Prefix Process in English there are prefix (de) and prefix (dis). Prefix (de) + noun = verb → de + pose (noun) = depose → That he alone can depose or reinstate bishops. Prefix (dis) + noun = verb → Dis + cord (noun) = discord → Bring forth unity and not discord.
The author discovers some words receiving suffix as a verb in Bajo language. There is receiving suffix (ang) to the base of verbs in Bajo language. For example, the base of mandi, melli and melle are categorized as words before adding the suffix (ang). Adding the suffix (ang) to the base creates a new meaning and lexical category will changes as a verb. The word mandiang, melliang, and mellaang are categorized as word after adding the suffix (ang). Suffix Process in English there are suffix (ang), suffix (fy) and suffix (ed). Noun + suffix (ang) = verb → change (noun) + ing = changing → Changing money in the street is illegal. Adjective + suffix (fy) = verb → Identical (adj) + fy = identify → You must identify your ideal audience. Verb + suffix (ed) = verb → Look (verb) + ed = looked → I looked at this community and thought this is a nice place.
The author finds some verbs in Bajo language which contain confix. They are laku, arang and urang, after receiving the confix it changes the meaning and lexical category it turns into as silakuang, kauramang and pangaramang. The verbs which contain confix (ka+ang), (pa+ang), (si+ang), (ka+ma+ang) and panga+ma+ang). The noun arang means to name.
After receiving the confix (panga+ma+ang) it turns into a verb pangaramang which means a called. The noun urang means to rain. After receiving the confix (ka+ma+ang) it turns into a verb kauramang which means rained. The noun laku means to boyfriend/girlfriend. After receiving the confix (si+ang) it turns into a verb silakuang which means a engage.

CONCLUSION
After analyzing the data, the author can conclude several things: morphology is the Study of how words are formed. Many words are simply a stem with no other morphemes added. Words that are composed of more than one morpheme have undergone some type of morphological process. Morphological Process is a means of changing a stem to adjust its meaning to fit its syntactic and communication context. Morphological process that occurs of verbs in Bajo language there are 4 types of affixation process, they are prefixes process, suffix process, simulfix process and confix process, while in English there are 3 types of affixation process, they are prefix process, suffix process and confix process. The author founds three words which get prefix (ma) and prefix (nga) in prefixation process of verbs in Bajo language. The author also founds ten words which get suffix (ang). The author also founds get simulfix and get confix (ka+ang), confix (pa+ang), confix (si+ang) and confix (panga+ma+ang). While affixation process of verbs in English, there is prefix process and suffix process. Difference was affixation process of verbs in English did not have simulfix process and confix process.